Evaluation of episodic acidification and amphibian declines in the Rocky Mountains. Breeding at 15 sites in both periods (Van Tighem and Gyug 1984; Dykstra 2004; Adama and Ohanjanian 2005).Breeding in 2 of 25 ponds surveyed 2009-2011 (Beasley unpubl. Cox. Wildlife Bulletin No. Management plan for the Western Toad (.Fahrig, L., J.H. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo. 2012. 2011. It appears to be the only amphibian native to Haida Gwaii.Western Toads use a wide variety of aquatic and upland habitats. Appendix 4, pp. Corn. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. They breed in a variety of wetlands including shallow, sandy margins of lakes, ponds, streams, river deltas, river backwaters, river estuaries, and geothermal springs. Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (.Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd.and E. Wind Consulting. 2011. Wildlife Consultant, Brackendale, B.C.Dykstra, J. Threats Calculator results for the Non-calling population of the Western Toad,Appendix 3. comm. Email correspondence to B. Slough.

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Evaluation of episodic acidification and amphibian declines in the Rocky Mountains. Breeding at 15 sites in both periods (Van Tighem and Gyug 1984; Dykstra 2004; Adama and Ohanjanian 2005).Breeding in 2 of 25 ponds surveyed 2009-2011 (Beasley unpubl. Cox. Wildlife Bulletin No. Management plan for the Western Toad (.Fahrig, L., J.H. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo. 2012. 2011. It appears to be the only amphibian native to Haida Gwaii.Western Toads use a wide variety of aquatic and upland habitats. Appendix 4, pp. Corn. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. They breed in a variety of wetlands including shallow, sandy margins of lakes, ponds, streams, river deltas, river backwaters, river estuaries, and geothermal springs. Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (.Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd.and E. Wind Consulting. 2011. Wildlife Consultant, Brackendale, B.C.Dykstra, J. Threats Calculator results for the Non-calling population of the Western Toad,Appendix 3. comm. Email correspondence to B. Slough.

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Evaluation of episodic acidification and amphibian declines in the Rocky Mountains. Breeding at 15 sites in both periods (Van Tighem and Gyug 1984; Dykstra 2004; Adama and Ohanjanian 2005).Breeding in 2 of 25 ponds surveyed 2009-2011 (Beasley unpubl. Cox. Wildlife Bulletin No. Management plan for the Western Toad (.Fahrig, L., J.H. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo. 2012. 2011. It appears to be the only amphibian native to Haida Gwaii.Western Toads use a wide variety of aquatic and upland habitats. Appendix 4, pp. Corn. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. They breed in a variety of wetlands including shallow, sandy margins of lakes, ponds, streams, river deltas, river backwaters, river estuaries, and geothermal springs. Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (.Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd.and E. Wind Consulting. 2011. Wildlife Consultant, Brackendale, B.C.Dykstra, J. Threats Calculator results for the Non-calling population of the Western Toad,Appendix 3. comm. Email correspondence to B. Slough.

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western toad poison

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Long-term effects of pesticide exposure at various life stages of the southern Leopard frog (.Briggs, C.J., R.A. Knapp, and V.T. 82 pp.Thompson, M., unpubl. 2012. Priority Habitat and Species List.

The Cariboo underworld: amphibians in clearcuts and forests. Stochastic factors contribute to natural population fluctuations, which are probably < 1 order in magnitude.Estimated extent of occurrence (EO). The back and sides are pale olive green marked by reddish-brown and dark brown blotches. Report to Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Branch, British Columbia, Canada.

2010. Nature 410:681–684.Kiesecker, J.M., A.R. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from mountains of Colorado.

Scherer, P.E. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006.The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat.The Western Toad has two recognized subspecies: (1).Pauly (2008) described behavioural and morphological uniqueness of Western Toads from Alberta, where males possess a vocal sac and produce advertisement calls. 2011. Photograph by L. Sopuck,Figure 7. Some of the toad’s range in Northwest Territories, along the Liard River to Nahanni Butte, is within the Deh Cho First Nations Interim Measures Agreement Area and the Acho Dene Koe First Nation (Fort Liard) comprehensive land claim area that is currently being negotiated with the federal government.The Western Toad occurs in national and provincial parks in British Columbia totalling almost 150,000 km² (135,000 km² in provincial parks). Wildlife Consultant, Prince George, British Columbia.Kinsey, S., pers. Ecology and pathology of amphibian ranaviruses. Newly emerged toadlets form large aggregations and migrate.The Western Toad is apparently widespread, abundant, and persistent across much of its Canadian range. 1994a. Corn, A.P. Reports are available for the Whistler (Tayless 2011) and Merritt (Ovaska.There are no organized efforts to monitor Western Toads in either Yukon or Northwest Territories, although some sites in Yukon and northern British Columbia have been systematically resurveyed by volunteers (Slough 2009, 2012).Parks Canada maintains presence/absence type of data and current population status assessments for species at risk such as the Western Toad in most parks and park reserves (,The Department of National Defence monitors Western Toad occurrences and has conducted breeding site surveys on DND lands in British Columbia and Alberta in 2009 (Hawkes,The Western Toad is apparently widespread, abundant and persistent across a large portion of its Canadian range (,Population trends are unknown for most of the species’ Canadian range. 126 pp.Eigenbrod, F., S. Hecnar, and L. Fahrig. Herpetological Review 25: 50-156.Formanowicz, D.R., Jr., and E.D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 91:1791-1795.Blaustein, A.R., D.G. Natural Resources Inventory (NRI), Department of National Defence Canada, ASU Chilliwack – Chilcotin Training Area, British Columbia. Tuttle. 2006. Prepared for B.C.Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Nanaimo, British Columbia. Assistant Professor, Environmental Science & Geography Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska.Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, R.B. data. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 55:65–67.Woodhams, D.C., N. Kenyon, S.C. Bell, R.A. Alford, S. Chen, D. Billheimer, Y. Shyr, and L.A. Rollins-Smith. 1978. 1999. Timber-harvesting effects on riparian wildlife and vegetation in the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia. Prepared by Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., Vancouver, B.C. 2006 update: amphibians and reptiles. Advertisement calls have also been reported from a Montana population, but these calls are weak and dissimilar to the loud calls produced by Alberta toads (Pauly 2008). Conservation Biology 15:40-49.Matsuda, B.M., D.M. 1988. data. 2011. Wente, and B. McCreary. 1999. Amphibian breeding and climate change: Importance of snow in the mountains. Science 284:802–804.Johnston, B., and S. Crowshoe. Fagre. Ecological Applications 17:1403-1410.Howes, B., pers. Observations of rapid colonization of constructed ponds by western toads (,Pearl, C.A., J. Bowerman, M.J. Adams, and N.D. Chelgren.

Boreal/Western Toad. data. Snow season length is predicted to decrease, but increased snowfall will more than make up for the shorter snow season, resulting in increased snow accumulation.Positive impacts may be earlier breeding and range expansion in the north. 2004. Using all known records (breeding and non-breeding), the discrete IAO is 2,536 km² for the Calling population and 3,024 km² for the Non-calling DU. Photograph by Brian G. Slough,Figure 6. comm. 1998.

Consequently, two designatable units are recognized in this report: calling toads that occur in most of Alberta, extending into British Columbia in the Rocky Mountains, and non-calling toads within the remaining part of the species’ Canadian range.The Western Toad contributes significantly to ecological processes over a wide range of wetlands and terrestrial habitats. "If there's another rain, we might see them again, too," Shaul said.

Evaluation of episodic acidification and amphibian declines in the Rocky Mountains. Breeding at 15 sites in both periods (Van Tighem and Gyug 1984; Dykstra 2004; Adama and Ohanjanian 2005).Breeding in 2 of 25 ponds surveyed 2009-2011 (Beasley unpubl. Cox. Wildlife Bulletin No. Management plan for the Western Toad (.Fahrig, L., J.H. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo. 2012. 2011. It appears to be the only amphibian native to Haida Gwaii.Western Toads use a wide variety of aquatic and upland habitats. Appendix 4, pp. Corn. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. They breed in a variety of wetlands including shallow, sandy margins of lakes, ponds, streams, river deltas, river backwaters, river estuaries, and geothermal springs. Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (.Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd.and E. Wind Consulting. 2011. Wildlife Consultant, Brackendale, B.C.Dykstra, J. Threats Calculator results for the Non-calling population of the Western Toad,Appendix 3. comm. Email correspondence to B. Slough.

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