J Nat Toxins 2002, 11, 213–220.Tsai Y.H., Hwang D.F., Cheng C.A., Hwang C.C., Deng J.F.
Three of them, namely Na(v)1.5, Na(v)1.8, and Na(v)1.9, are resistant to nanomolar concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX; IC(50) > or = 1 microM).
: Identification of tetrodotoxin in marine gastropods implicated in food poisoning. Citrate (present in the TTX solution) did not have any effect on electrical and mechanical events. 2017 Apr 20;15(4):e04752. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a toxin mainly occurring naturally in contaminated puffer fish, which are a culinary delicacy in Japan. Toxins 2014, 6, 693–755.Chamandi S.C., Kallab K., Mattar H., Nader E.: Human poisoning after ingestion of puffer fish caught from Mediterranean Sea. Talanta 2011, 83, 1030–1036.Fukushima S.: Examination of the poisoning level of tetrodotoxin in body fluids. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 2001, 20, 11–33.Nakagawa T., Jang J., Yotsu-Yamashita M.: Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of tetrodotoxin and its analogues. Its usual route of toxicity is via … In 2017, the EFSA CONTAM Panel issued a detailed report regarding the influence of tetrodotoxin and its analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods on human health. Currently, tetrodotoxin poisoning is seen in regions that were previously recognised as safe. It is also detected in various marine organisms like globefish, starfish, sunfish, stars, frogs, crabs, snails, Australian blue-ringed octopuses, and bivalve molluscs. Adv Food Nutr Res 2007, 52, 141–236.Hwang D.F., Shiu Y.C., Hwang P.A., Lu Y.H. For comparison, the oral LD50 of potassium cyanide for mice is 8.5 mg per kg, demonstrating that even orally, TTX is more poisonous than cyanide.
Effects of tetrodotoxin on electrical and mechanical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibers. eCollection 2014.J Mol Cell Cardiol.
Citrate (present in the TTX solution) did not have any effect on electrical and mechanical events.
This review summarizes our knowledge on the systemic cardiovascular effects of TTX in animals and humans, with a special focus on cardiac excitation and performance at lower concentrations of this marine drug.
Toxicity. The degree of….This site needs JavaScript to work properly.
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1981.240.4.H561.Makarova M, Rycek L, Hajicek J, Baidilov D, Hudlicky T.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. Anal Chem 2008, 80, 5622–5629.Shoji Y., Yotsu-Yamashita M., Miyazawa T., Yasumoto T.: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of tetrodotoxin and its analogues: liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Other researchers applied normal phase chromatography for the analysis of the TTXs, mainly using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) (,Development of a postcolumn HPLC method with fluorescence detection was intended to obviate the need for the traditional mouse bioassay, and it provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of TTX and its analogues. It is also important to provide more results regarding the toxicokinetics of TTX and its analogues. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4752. 2020 May 9;12(5):312. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050312.Akita H, Yoshie S, Ishida T, Takeishi Y, Hazama A.BMC Complement Med Ther. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of TTX analogues in mice, most of them cause the same symptoms as TTX, however, no data are available that are precise enough to enable the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) parameters to be quantified. OJ, L 139, 55–205.Danovaro R., Fonda Umani S., Pusceddu A.: Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean sea.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999, 289, 1688–1696.You J., Yue Y., Xing F., Xia W., Lai S., Zhang F.: Tetrodotoxin poisoning caused by goby fish consumption in southeast China: a retrospective case series analysis.
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