Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements.Cerium is a soft, ductile and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and it is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.Technetium is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive; none are stable. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive.Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. In fact their absorption cross-sections are the highest among all stable isotopes.Terbium is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Unter Germanium-Isotope werden alle Atomkerne des chemischen Elements Germanium zusammengefasst; diese bestehen aus einem Atomkern mit 32 Protonen und im ungeladenen Zustand aus 32 Elektronen.
(1969),Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970),Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried,Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal,Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft,Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal,Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jöns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich.Discoverer: Marinsky, Jacob A. and Coryell, Charles D. and Glendenin, Lawerence. Germanium is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons. On the other hand neon, the noble gas, immediately preceding it in the periodic table, requires 2081 kJ/mol or 21.56 eV/atom.Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.The first theory explaining mechanism of melting in the bulk was proposed by Lindemann, who used vibration of atoms in the crystal to explain the melting transition. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Weiterhin sind noch 21 künstliche, radioaktive Isotope mit vergleichsweise kurzen Halbwertszeiten bekannt.
An element that is not combined with any other different elements has an oxidation state of 0. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the,In case of solid to liquid phase change, the change in enthalpy required to change its state is known as the enthalpy of fusion, (symbol ∆H.The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. IUPAC-Gruppe, p-Block und Kohlenstoffgruppe). Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal.Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. Atomic Number: 32 Symbol: Ge Atomic Weight: 72.61; Discovery: Clemens Winkler 1886 (Germany) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s 2 3d 10 4p 2; Word Origin: Latin Germania: Germany Properties: Germanium has a melting point of 937.4 C, boiling point of 2830 C, specific gravity of 5.323 (25 C), with valences of 2 and 4. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite.Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles.Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium.Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.Rhenium is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table.Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium). Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten.Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process. The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis.Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals.
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